Loading...
VE-88-78 ZOtIING ADJUSTOR FINDINGS b ORDER ~ Hearing: -~ust 23, 1978 - Minutes tJr:-:-J..,, n SePtember 26,1978 VaRI/1fJCE ANO CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT VE-88-78 Front~a e Requirement ~UE- Tra er as a Res i dence ZONING ADJUSTOR DECISION: After public testimony and review, the decision of the Zoning ATjustor is to approve the applicant's request for a Trailer as a Residence and a Frontage Requirement Variance. A. FINDINGS FOR APPROVAL: Pursuant to Section 4.25.030 (b) and Section 4.24.010 (b) of the Spokane County Zoning Ordinance, the Zoning Adjustor has the responsibility of determining that the granting of a Variance and a Conditional Use Permit will not be detrimental to the surrounding properties. In assuring compatibility, the Zoning Adjustor based his decision on the testimony presented at the August 23, 1978 Zoning Adjustor Nearing, as well as criteria set forth in the Spokane County Zoning Ordinance for issuance of a Variance and a Conditional Use Permit. The Zoning Adjustor hereby finds the following: 1. Denial of the applicant's request would deprive the applicant of a minimum and basic use (i.e., single-family dwelling on a parcel of land compatible with adjacent properties sizes and zone). 2. The proposed mobile home is compatible with the area as evidenced by mixed land uses in the imnediate vicinity. 3. The applicant demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Zoning Adjustor that sufficient screening can be provided so as not to conflict with adjacent land uses. B. CONDITIONS: l. There shall be no further divisions of the described property unless said divisions are in compliance with State and local platting laws. 2. aefore a building permit can be issued, the applicant shall submit to the Planning Department, evidence that the proposed property is in compliance with the Spokane County Short Plat Ordinance. 3. The location of the trailer must be in such a fashion as to use ground cover for sufficient screening. 4. The trailer shall be located on the subject property in substantial conformance with the "approved" plot plan on file with this application, and in any case, shall observe the yard (setback) requirements for a single-family dwelling as prescribed in Section 4.05.110 (a) of the Zoning Ordinance of Spokane County. 5. This approval is granted for a period of five (5) years, until August, 1983, after such time the permit shall be reviewed administratively to determine if the trailer is still a compatible land use. 6. The trailer shall be skirted with a fire resistant material. 7. The trailer shall not be mounted on a permanent foundation in such a manner as to constitute a permanent residence. 8. The trailer shall not be attached to other residential or accessory structures. Metal canopies, tip outs and awnings may be attached to the trailer, however, all wooden structures and accessory buildings, except open porches, must be detached and placed at least three (3) feet from the trailer. 9. The trailer shall have an ownership title and be listed as personal property with the County Assessor. C. GENERAL DATA: a. Location: Section 23, Township 25, Range 43 E.W.M. Woodland TER L4 B 23, Woodland TER L9, B 23 Parcel Nos. 23533-2302-4/23533-2345-9 ~ b. Applicant: Darrell Eugene Pickett E 4406 13th Avenue Spokane, WA 99206 c. Site Size: Approxima tely 112 acre d. Existing Zoning: Agricultural, established 1959 e. Variance Requested: According to Spokane County Zoning Ordinance 100 feet of frontage is required on county maintained and dedicated road f• Permit Requested: To allow a mobile home as a residence in the Agricultural Zone g. Application of Ioning Provision: Chapter 4.04, Section 4.04.040 10M DAVIS, Zoning Adjustor ~ 1 W . ~ . ~ A ♦ ~ r . ~ ► . ~ , 3`E IN% • t ~ H l r ~ - ~ ~ tA . O , , ~,j' ~ . ~ 23 ~ _ _ 1 . At said time and place any interested person may appear for, or aga.inst, the granting of thi s applic ation . SP OKANE C OU NTY P LANNI NG DE PARTM E NT ZONING ADJUSTOR HEARING TELEPHONE NQ: 456-2274 TIME: Wednesday, August 23, 1978, 1:30 P.M. PLACE: N 721 Jefferson, Broadway Centre Bui 1 di ng Conference Room (Second Floor) VARIANCE AND CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT 4 VE-88-78 Frontaqe Requirement CUE-7~1- Trailer as a Residence a. Location: Section 23, Township 25, Range 43 E.W.M. Woodland TER L4 6 23, Woodland TER L9, B 23 Parcel Nos. 23533-2302-4/23533-2305-5 b. Applicant: Darrell Eugene Pickett E 4406 13th Avenue Spokane, WA 99206 c. Site SiZe: Approximately 1/2 acre d. Existing Zoning: Agricultural, established 1959 e. Variance Requested: According to Spokane County Zoning Ordinance 100 feet of frontage is required on county maintained and dedicated road f. Permit Requested: To allow a mobile home as a residence in the Agricultural Zone g. Application of Zoning Provision: Chapter 4.04, Section 4.04.040 - ~ r _L3 ~ z TH f-'JE 127?"1 ~ - r , + G ILLIli~ i 1 3 r H J6 12TMi ~VE r +-•-~l; WTH ~ A ~ N 7 Z J 0 1_ Tm z . --t r-T ~ ~47 M AvE 4 ~n - 3 " T l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~rw ~ - Z I ~WEI Z ~7TM ~ . ~ ~ ~ ♦ N/~ \ f Q I { S,o ` '~f ~ r < ~ F4^~ i . y,ti = = I D~0 4 s I9T < (n ,,;s E L ~ n,u ^ s L QI W ~ ~J ~ONGAE ~ ~ 2 0 _~liT Q 1 • T1A/ENTY F i RS T I l~ PIIBLIC HEARING APFI1ICATl, SPOKANE COUNZ _ r7LAN2IING CCMt11.SSI0N FOR CONDITIONAI, IISE P'ERMIT N. 811 Jefferson TRAILFR AS A RE►SIDENCE s Spokane, WA 99201 Telephone No. 456-2274 (for staff response only) r _ + i- Date Received ~7- L Application No. U % 'Loning of Property, o Effective Date O Crdinance Provision Applicable ~1.Q ~~,0~4„} *42 tg 4C 0-i e p ~ ~J ~ Variances RcqLested Scheduled Hearing Date Released Ry Received By F'rocessed By_A-U 1. Name 2. Address~h~0~ Street Gity State Zip Code 3. Telephone ' 4. Name of Occupant of Mobile Home v~"' f, ~ , ~c-• 1 ? o ~treet Ad~ires; of thr~ I'roperty ir. ~uet~ n_r~. ' •r . ('.y..., r~,~. 4 ,:t_on of Prcj~~rt,, . ~~t_.... Te~kc:~i-_ arl Dcs c 9 7F_ t2 3 ir ,r `y' 7. Assessor's (tax) Parcel No. °.1353Y - ~30:X 35 8. Size ai Property: Sq. Ft. Acres 9. What -.Te of access does the property have? X' County road Amount of frontage ~ ft. State Highway Accese Permit yes no Private easement (pleasP furnish copy) Other, Please Ezplain 10. What is the specific purpose for the mobile hotzt: Mobile home as a residence by appl L:.ar.t Mobile home as a residence by rentor or lesst2:: Mobile home for caretaker or custodian of prop-,rty Mobile home for care of relativo because of illness,etc Mobile home as residence while building new home on Othcr, please explain circurr:stancESo premises. 11. Wnat is the anticipated period of occupancy of the mobilv 'r.omu atZl this location: 6 months or less 2-5 years 6 months or 2 yeare Permanent ll _ }cl Indefinite, please explain 12. What interest does the applicant have in the property? x Owner Rentor or lessee Purchaser Relative of owner Contract to Purchasa Otrier _ ~ _ / . / - Pagc 21 Conditional IIse Pt:rT,it h~-r~~i~~c~tz~rSpokane Gounty Planning Commissiorl 13. Who holds title to the property? Pw-gr- 1 e'_ 14. What is tho current status of the mobilc home? Unpurchased or agreQmont to purchase I'urchased awaiting delivery Situated in trailer court or on other property Mvved onto subject property Other, please explain 1c-. WY.at is +he apprcxiQatu size cf the mobile hcrr.e? ft by fta 16. 4%T.at is the contirr.plated sewagi: disposal fcr thc, sit=.;? I`ublic aewer system X, New septic tank e.nd drainfieyd Existing septic tank and drainfield Attach to adjoining resideace system Gther, pleaee explain 17e What the contemplated water eupply for the sitc? ~ Public water aystem Private Well Other, please explain 18. What types of improvements currently exist on the subject ownership? Un.improvEd or vacant Single family ~~.:~_=~ricnc<; Mobile home (other than this request) Barn or other agricultural outbuilding.-, Garage Otherg explain 19. Will any structures on the premises be demolished or conv _ _ . . . , _ - . . . , , _ _ „_:f:} ;ji`_ , . . . ° . . _ _ . _i ~ • . , the mobile homE: Basement, enclosn3 porctl, Other, please ~ 3S'.oo Kearing Feo -.S10vG0 payable to the SPOI{ANE COUNT~.' TRTA 3-1L'RER Receipt No. I, THE UNDERSIGNED, Understand that this application must be completc: and accurate and that all of the above requirements must be complied with before a request may be advertisod for a public hearing and that the Adjustor may rcquest additionel pertinent informati n. Sigriatur~~ of Ar-Tlicant IF APPROVED, Cr,iISTRUCTION IS N4T AUTHORIZED UNTII, A LAND USE OR BUILDINu PERMIT IS ISSUED AY THE BUII,DING CODES DEFi:~~I?'II N`T', A "7-gAr7^ r?';;MT-. . 7-1 ?r,r~7 _M7 nT;mn -riTF-, '~'r~'.~'. .1 i i rr~ ;~1- r+m~ i . - ~ . VARI.ANCF APPLICATI(?N SPOKANE COUNT^I ZONITIG ADJUST4R Office of Spokane County Pl&nnin8 DePt• N$11 Jefferson, Spokane, WA. 99241 I'hone : 456-2274 Application No: V E - Q-Q Hearing Date : Ift Ibi Zoning Adjustnr Decision: Please print nr type the following: . A. Name •f applicants I •1., •L:.~ . r~s~ ~7 B. Mailing Addrees-,s ~ 4•LIZh 4g.,C Zip Code2L94 ~ C. Phgne Number : Home :,0S ` lo Sr 6 1, WorkYUY -9,2A(-t P. Relation ef Applicant to t,he Property= 1. Owner: ~ 2) Purehaser: 3. Lessee: 4) Other: ' E. Name, Asidress & Phone Number of As9eseed owner if cther than the applicant Phone# F. Street Address of Prcperty: 130,- G. Spokane Comty Assesaor1s Parcel No.(See copy of your tax statement) .~A' 3s~2 -a-3o21 H. Legal Deacription cf Property: 1) Legal Descriptien; Jcr h Av n ~F IZ A_ 1 2) Source of above legal: I) Property Size : Lengtths Width: f5O F'm FT Axea: (acrea*) (*1 acre equala 43,560 aquare feet). J. Nature if Variance Requested: 1) Relaxation of setback requests 2) Relaxation of lnt width requests 3) Relaaation of lot area requests 4) Relaxation of frontage requebt,e oT y j3Aoc ti 'a 3 ,t (v 5) State law R.C.W. 36.70 and the Spokane County Zoning Ordinanee etepulatee that a Variance ehall not be granted a9 a special privilege inconsistent with the limi.tations placed upon other properties in the same 2one and vicinitq. Therefore, Varianeee shall only be granted when t,he following two criteria are deemed to be met fiy the Spckane County Zcning A+djustor. (i) Because of epecial circumstences applicable to subject property, ineluding size, shape, tc,+pography, location or surroundinge, the strict application of the Zoning Ordinance ie found to deprive subjeet property of rights and privilegea enjoyed by otrier properties in the vicinity, and, (ii) The granting of the Variance will net be materially detrimental tn the public welfare or in3urious to the property or irprovements in the vicinity and zo,%ne in which the subject property is situated. a) In view of the above information, what apecial circumstances (s) (beyond your control or aetinns) deprive you of the same general rights and privileges of other property owners within the eame zone and vicinity? E-9 P&24,e1-?Ty' 0k4llv/= f<5Lal OR/`~ ~iTO Y ~ING t.. L:-- Ld rlL~ 17`t-► ~ ~C ~wG 5 r - b) If t,he Variance were granted, how would it af f e c t; Neighboring Properties or imorovements: OVO 1-='-~r c) Ss the property presently used, or can it be used, in a manner simi.lar to the uses within t,he vicinity without a Variance? (i.e. single-family residence or coumercial use ) Please explain; C u U 'D NC' 7 L) S-r 1 n,, ~Af n N N~ R, . 5 / I~ V'i~ I9 le K. A rRAWING ( PLOT PLAN) MUS i' BE SUBicZTED 1nRTH TFaS APPLICATION FORM SHOWING THE FOLSOWIlVG INF4RMATICQJ : (1) Scale of drawing (preferred scale: 1 inch equals 20 feet) (2) North point and date (3) A].1 dimensions of property, dimeneione of existing buildings, and di.mensione of proposed building with dimeneiona to the nearest property line must be drawn to scale on the plot plan. (4) Off-street parking area and points of access and egress. (5) Topographie features pertinent to the property (euch ae rock outcrop, . canyor.s, hills, etc. ) L. The necessary fee ^f rzust aeeompany this application when the form is filed. I, the underaigned, understand that t,his applic ation aust be conaplete an,d accurate and that all the above requiremcnts mu3t be complied w.th before a request may be adverti9ed for a public hearing, and, that the Zoning Adjustor may request additional pertinent information. '2 Signature of Applicant g' A.PPROVED, CCUSTRUCTION IS NOT AUTHORIZED UN= A BUILDIgG PERMIT IS ISSUED BY THE COIJPITY BUILD3NG CODES DEPARTMENT. (Do not write below this line) A. Zone in which property is located; Ate 1414 (46%104 ~ Date effective : L" Q B. Provision c+f the Zonins Ordinance frt+m which Variance is requested: `'t Sy ACCO •49 f'o 4C Z O /120 .~et_&-~ .6i• e 0 S ~t ° ~ ~ t~ . ~►e~l - 2 - , . e-* 1 :3 o # f ` f .~Lt~`~ F,y ~ •!.i ky ~ ~ d rt , --7"~~►r' . - V'10`~- ri~ ~'~r, k I{~~'~A~LT~~..E II`~SR.~R,~NCE L; RG~'C~PDE~•S ~5~ ~ ~ ► a v r_+n ~ C C~ F■+~[Y Fd[cC~ for ~E-cGI'~ at c~f F ItEl i~ ~~h RE ORY ED RE.~UE-~T g= GrGntc-6e rFO JUL 13 1 18 FM '7$ V~ ~4 ~:41~t. -'•t~~.~ ~ ~i, ~ ~J D! TO~: SF;)~;Ak~ COL`rN-1 Y.W~SH, DEPUiY- ~ POSi O N 3.0() E. 44o6 13th 99206 - - - - - - -=~=-=r- - - - - - ~°~;,ht ~~r; P; '-~i# ~~e~~ ~~~d ~:::~~F~°~~~?~ ~,ILE C. aria ~°~.C~h L. PI[~~~~-'~", !-,~ss~::r~nd and wi fe , c:ne: J:ti r: fi.C?ve nllCl Ai ei i iC)f] q•_ _ . C _ Ei :r• . L r?ARRFLL F . PI CKE TT . , , . L'lt t7=,~~~ aT l C.}kt' '~GR':lSEY Lif S~'~~°.u.i .;1. _ L `LTLt~".~C- li: ~...:C C: iiiaSs' iSE:±:.it:. . r`:C~q'a] :.r£ ~ 4 and 9, ilock 2.3 {7i Rr.C~odlanC1. i~eZ ritce _^:ddit1 C3I1 tO Yn the Cnuntv af Spvkane, State af '4,'ashington, ;t , Amr :'d 5 ' c'~- - al ~ ~ MY IK" , r R t+ti. ~ ~ `~-"~F ' -+~~"'r P L "1~'~~~'!~,'~ ''J!.i. 7 t h C.,i .lu1y, 177G. . ~ ' ~ - ~-F rA L; . . . _ . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ . { a a r t ~ ~~okane O~ ~hi!s da}• z:»rtc;tyalty «ppea7ed be:ore m Ril@ C. PiC,kett and Elo'Il L. PiCl~c~~~ , hiS w~ife, tc:> rne knvy.•'+a to be the indivtr3usl8 deseribed in and who e7tecuted ette with3ra and fotegcr$ng instrument, and &eiCn[rwled..g8d-th,'~t--~t~'~Y s~~.rli'G~ ~hF_' :~_;~...i7F.• -c..~~ tll e 1- f;rtr= cs-1d .z-}._S^t;x,V .3ct finr.'~ cieed, i.,-~sT the~ . ~ ,.~.p~ a'.~.nF• .,~..L~`i.da a~14 I~urpoRG~~e~,~~' -C~~~4~at4~e d, }T s ~ ~ ° ~an~l~ t~han~- snrf t~fficisl seal chfs 7Ch day of J u l,v, • M1 C C 1u P{A Q t+ 4 il r{ d ~ ~ } - _ _ - wf~t-a~~ I~-~ - - _ 'r r ' ,'eU , -'wrn....... s.z y..~ a 4~ • . ^ _ . ~ r~ ~ ~I . , ~ . ~y~~~~ ~ ~.'!r ~r+'fsi~~-~- -~^ar s. .z... - ~ :r . . . ~ `4 , . . ~ . " . . . . 4_ _ r - . ° . .~.'.,1 . rr,.. . , . i : I~'.it.... w'.~.'j~ ' " ' g; . .-t: ~ - ~ ~ _ • . ; ~ _ . . ~ _ ' ~ ~~,;-~'d~~ -~',~...:.J.•~~ . , _ ~ ' ` _ y,- _~~r " ,4, , , ~ a ~e . Y ~ ~ : ` _ ' ,~'r`• ~ ~.,,r ~ ~Z ss ~ , _ • . . , . ' . ~'y~M.'71C=-~+aS - ~ .--r . ,;~,'.''*1~,-~ j~• ~ . ~..I~ , . . . ~ ~ ' r, ' _ , . . ~~..=.w' . - . ' y~ ! -~t4r.-' i'_ _r . . . . ~ . ~ ~ _ ~ s-- + ~ ~ ~ w+~."" ~.+~M- : - r: , _ ~ . . _ . ~ 1 _ ' ' ~ _ ~ s _ . ,~y ' s" - . . .~r•~: - . . _ . , C~l~e! ~ , . f~ , . . . • °~k~' . . _ . . ~ ~ , ,y~ ~ . Yr~ f ~ ~ ~ . . ~ . - i• . . ~ ~ . ~ ~ Y _ ~ • ^ . _ . . . . . . : ~ ~ ~ V ' ~ ~ i ~"iy~;~ ~ . y . ' - + _ ~ ~ ' . 1 _ u~ S . '.n y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - • < ' ~ ~ ~ ~ , . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . _ : , _ _ ~ _ - ~ ~C ~ - -~.r . ~ ._~7+~ . . ` ~ . ^ -i.~ .,i..,.q~,~ -~,I~f - . rr„ _ Q. ~ . /a~,~ , ~ - ~ ,,,4,r~ , > ~ . ` ^`--y.. . . ` ' ` ~ . . 1 ~ - . <<:.o ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ 'F i' ,r . ~ . a_ ` ~ ~ i: ' ~ . ~ . ~ ` ~ L~ „ ~ ~ _ ~~tqMr, k; 4 . • -'"'"-s~„~/~. ~,~y~i' , - ~ ~ " ` _ ~ _ . F~t ' ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ 1 ~ . ~ ,r.~r, ~ ~ 1 , ' k . . . . ~ } . . ~ ~r l,~ ~ } F r _~•h ~ . ~ . ~ ' ' ' ~~1 f . ~.:a _ { ~ _ , J~ ~ ~ L`~ a. . - [ . . ~ . }~w~'~Ii ~+~i f , 1 i. ~ t . ~ . . . ~ . ~ ~ t • , } ;~4~ . . , ~ ~ , ! ~ ~ , . - 4 ~ ~ ~ . ~..F ~ ~ . . . • ~ , - ~ ~R ~t ~ - ~ ~ ~ . ~ . . . i~ ~ . ~ F~u~~~~~!i ' _ . . ~ ~ ~ r i' ~ r • - 1~ 1' r - • 4 . i ~ fi ~ f . . , ' " f ~ . ~ ` ~ 'n` ~ ~"r;~.~ . ~ y . . - . ~ ~ ` ' , . ~ _ . • ~ . . ~ ~ ~'""~~`~1►~►r ~ea. ~.~~e ~.~c~,~t ,~~t ~ r~~,~ ~ ~ 4 a~..~ - , , , . _ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ # f-' ~ , ~ . ~ ^ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; ~ + ~ ~ + ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~~~i ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ p ~ Q r~ ~ K ~ ~ . IF+ ~ ~ 'v ~ ~ - _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . r r ~ ~ ~ R 3 v !I ~ ~ d► ► ~ t~ tt ? ~ ~t~ ~ !t ~ ~ ~`~+~~r ~,rr f r~t~ ~ ~ l~ !t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .4 ~ - . ~ ~ ~ ! f ¢ - . l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~r ~ ~ ~ s B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !e~ l~ ~ 7 ~ r,~ ~ _ - ~ _ ~ ! I'~ l~ lt ~ ~ 1~ ll' ,r,~ , . ~ O ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~v ~ ~ ~ t, Y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9""~~ _ ~ ,~,r , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ; ~ ~ , h . ~ J ~ ~ ~ d„ ~ - . ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; ~ + ~ . ~ - ~ , ! J~ e,~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ - - _ .~r~ !',I f ~ s ' ~ ~ ~ ~ d I+~ g ~ G' - ' i,~ Ip ~ ~ ~ , _ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ; _ ~ _ f 4` ~ ~Y ~ ~ ~ 1' ~ ~ , ~ - rr, " ~ ~ ~ # ,3 ~ ! ~ J' ~ ~ / ~G , ~ ~ ~ ~ . ,.~A' . ~ f - . ~ _ . 4 - , . r' ~ ~ ~ ~ , i° ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~r ~ ~ ~ " ` ~ - ~ , ' f„ , ; • - ~ r~' , g ~ ~ 9 rf ` ' - _ • ~ ! ~t~ f~ 7 _ . ~'`i`b,~. ~ , • ~ #J ~ . ~ r - - _ ~ ~r' 4~ r . - ti Ji1'/ - ` ~ t Ca ~ii ~ t - . - ~ ~ .  ~ ~ + ' ' . ~ : -w 'i"M b ~~i~} 's. • 4 _Y ~ , ~ ~ . ~ ~ ' ' ~ . . . ' . . . . - t , ~ ' . i~. - ~ . , ' . , i ~ . . , - . ~ W , _.r?~ . . ~ . . i C. ~ . _ ~ - . . ~ . . • n ~ ♦ . . ~ I } ~ i : _ • - ,.1,~'~"' ~ . x:~ ' ~ . . ~ . ~ . s ~ - ..~'~A - . ~ ' ~ . _1 ~ ' . ~ ~ - ' ~w,~~ ` . . ' r ~ ~ - - ~ • ' ~ x y~~~ ~~Fy 1 ~ ~ af~ . ~ • - ~ . . - . ~y, t i. , 'iM' ~r , , , y~ - - ~ , - ~ ~ ~ . - ~ , y r . _ ~:I+*' ~ R.~' 1'~'f 'M` . ,'~7'~M'i~. ~'s ~ ' - - ~ ~ , t _st. . . . -~'-...,~,i„r.~=■; ' . ~.i - _ - , . r.L ~.''l~l, • ~.V ~~i~ ,."r,~. _ . t~ • , _ . _e.. ~ . . _ . , .